9. Grammar

ᦌᦹᧈᦙᧁᧉsɯɯ⁵maw⁶nameSimao city. [Note: The ancient Dai name of this city was Meng Maen. From 1950 to 2007 the city was called Simao. In 2007 its name was changed to Pu'er.]ᦘᦴᦵᦁᦲᦵᦙᦲᧂᦶᦙᧃ9.7.2.3Names of cities
ᦵᦌᦲᧃᧈᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈsɤn⁵cɤn²nameShenzhen city, near Hongkongᦵᦌᦲᧃᧈ ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦑᦲᧈ ᦁᧃ ᦕ ᦵᦑᧆ ᦣᧁ ᦵᦣᧆ ᦟᦸᧈ ᦋᦱᧄ ᦵᦔᧃᧈ ᦺᦅ ᦧᦱᧂᧈ ᦺᦃ ᦓᧃᧉ.Shenzhen is a place where our nation tries to promote exports.9.7.2.3Names of citiesChinese深圳shen1zhen4
ᦵᦌᦲᧃsɤn⁴20001nounprovinceᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈ 1ᦵᦌᦲᧃ 2ᦑᦲᧈ 3ᦵᦌᦲᧃ ᦣᧁ ᦙᦲ ᦘᦱ ᦉᦱ ᦜᦻ ᦵᦋᦲᧉ.In our province there are many nationalities.4.6.7Region2classifierclassifier for provincesᦗᦸᧂᦰ ᦙᦲ ᧒᧘ ᦵᦌᦲᧃ ᧞ ᦈᦹᧈ ᦈᦹᧈ ᦌᦲᧈ.Altogether there are 28 provinces and autonomous regions.9.2.6.1ClassifiersᦵᦐᦲᦵᦌᦲᧃChinesesheng3
ᦵᦌᦲᧃᧉᦑᦴᧈsɤn⁶tuu⁵nameChengdu City, capital of Sichuan Province9.7.2.3Names of citiesChinese成都cheng2du1
ᦌᦾᧉsɔj⁶1verb (transitive)to skewer in a row (as flowers on a string, meat on a stick)ᦌᦾᧉ ᦖᦱᧅ ᦶᦂᧁᧉ.Put pearls on a string.7.5.1Gather2classifierclassifier for strings of flowers, sticks of meatᦊᦲᧇ ᦶᦖᧃᧈ ᦗᧁᧈ ᦺᦞᧉ ᦌᦾᧉ ᧚.She was holding a string of pastries.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦌᧄᧉᦌᧄᧉᦌᦾᧉᦌᦾᧉᦑᦲᧈᦉᦳᧆᦑᦲᧈᦌᦾᧉ
ᦌᦱᧁᦷᦜᧂsaaw⁴loŋ¹nameSaaw Long, town in Meng Hai county9.7.2.3Names of cities
ᦌᦱᧁᦓᦾᧉsaaw⁴nɔj⁶nameSaaw Noj, town in Meng Hai county9.7.2.3Names of cities
ᦌᦱᧂᧉᦶᦋᧂᧈsaaŋ⁶cæŋ⁵nameYangtze River9.7.2.9Names of riversChinese长江chang2jiang1
ᦌᦸᧂ2sɔŋ⁴1nounclump; thicket (as of grass, bamboo)ᦌᦸᧂ ᦌᦱᧂ.Bamboo thicket.ᦌᦸᧂ ᦎᦸᧈ ᦌᦸᧂ ᦊᦱᧃ ᦂᧃ ᧑᧐ ᦷᦅᧂᧈ ᦵᦝᦲᧃᧈ.The clumps of rice should be 10 cm from each other.1.5.2Bush, shrub2classifierclassifier for clumps of grass or bamboo9.2.6.1Classifiers
ᦌᦱᧃᧈᦌᦲᧉsaan⁵sii⁶nameShanxi Province9.7.2.2Names of regionsChinese山西shan1xi1
ᦌᦱᧃᧈᦷᦑᧂᧈsaan⁵toŋ⁵nameShandong Province9.7.2.2Names of regionsChinese山东shan1dong1
ᦌᦱᧃᦌᦲᧈsaan⁴sii⁵nameShaanxi Province9.7.2.2Names of regionsChinese陕西shan3xi1
ᦌᦲᧃᧈᦶᦋᧂᧈsin⁵cæŋ⁵nameXinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region9.7.2.2Names of regionsChinese新疆xin1jiang1
ᦌᧄᧉsam⁶ᦶᦌᧄᧉ5001conjunctionalso; additionallyᦢᧁᧈ ᦑᧁᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦌᧁ ᦷᦟᧆ, ᦌᧄᧉ ᦆᦹᧃ ᦕᧆ ᦺᦔ ᦺᦞ ᦺᦞ.Not only did he not stop the car, but he also drove even more quickly.9.6.1.1And, also2pre-verbagainᦌᧄᧉ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦑᧂ ᦜᦻ ᦧᦱᧂᧈ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦶᦠᧂᧉ.He had them drain the lake dry again.ᦍᦱᧄ ᦺᦡ ᦵᦠᦲᧃᧉ, ᦍᧂ ᦌᧄᧉ ᦔᦹᧅ ᦊᦴᧈ!You are always the same. You are being stupid again!8.4.6.6.1Again3verb (transitive)to finish; bring to completion; use upᦢᧁᧈ ᦶᦑᧃ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦌᧄᧉ ᦅᧄ.He hadn't had time to complete his words.ᦋᦻ ᦎᦱ ᦺᦂᧉ ᦌᧄᧉ.His life was nearly finished.8.4.6.1.2Stop something6.1.2.3.5Complete, finish4post-verball of; completelyᦺᦕ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦌᧄᧉ.Who all is here?ᦃᧁ ᦂᦲᧃ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦌᧄᧉ.They couldn't eat all of it.ᦉᧂ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦉᧂ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦌᧄᧉ.He knows everything and can do anything.8.1.5Allᦉᦗᦌᧄᧉᦉᦳᧆᦷᦖᧅᦌᧄᧉᦺᦈᦌᧄᧉᦺᦈᦌᧄᧉᦵᦉᧂᧉᦌᧄᧉᦵᦋᦌᧄᧉᦷᦋᧈᦌᧄᧉᦌᧄᧉᦌᦾᧉᦌᦾᧉᦌᧄᧉᦓᧄᧉᦌᧄᧉᦺᦝᦌᧄᧉᦜᦻᦵᦠᦡᦻ
ᦌᧄᧉᦓᧄᧉᦌᧄᧉᦺᦝsam⁶nam⁶sam⁶faj⁴post-verbcompletely; very muchᦙᧃ ᦡᦱᧈ ᦓᦸᧂᧉ ᦍᦲᧂ ᦌᧄᧉ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦌᧄᧉ ᦺᦝ.She scolded her younger sister a lot.9.3.2Completelyᦌᧄᧉᦓᧄᧉ1ᦺᦝ
ᦌᦲᧅsik⁵classifierclassifier for sections (as of an orange)8.1.6.2Piece9.2.6.1Classifiers
ᦍᦲᧉjii⁶nameYi nationality9.7.1.5Names of languages
ᦍᦲᧈᦔᦳᧃᧈjii⁵pun²nameJapan9.7.2.1Names of countries
ᦵᦍᦰjeʔ⁵2000verb (transitive)to do. [Note: Regional variant of ᦵᦣᧆ.]ᦵᦣᧆ 1ᦵᦍᦰ ᦡᧂᧈ ᦣᦹ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦶᦗᧉ ᦃᧁ ᦺᦡᧉ ᧞.No matter what we did we couldn't beat them.9.1.2Do
ᦵᦍᧂᧈjeŋ⁵5001pre-verbthe more...the more...ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦎᦲᧃᧉ ᦠᦱᧁᧈ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦶᦣᧆ ᦃᧁᧉ.The more he struggled the more the snare tightened.ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦠᦱᧇ ᦵᦂᦲ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦐᧅ.The further he carried the sack of salt the heavier it felt.ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦶᦟᧂᦰ.The moon was getting brighter as the month went by.8.1.4More2adjectiveonly; just. [Note: Used with a classifier.]ᦎᦱᧂᧉ ᦠᦴ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦅᦴᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦡᦻ.Just one pair of earrings.ᦵᦟᧂᧉ ᦺᦂᧈ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦀᦲᧆ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦺᦋᧈ ᦃᦸᧂ ᦇᦻᧈ.Raising chickens isn't even a little bit easy.ᦃᧁ ᦀᧁ ᦂᧃ ᦵᦍᧂᧈ ᦔᦲ ᧒ ᦔᦲ ᦵᦠᦲᧃᧉ.They had been married for just a year or two.9.4.4.7Just, almost not8.1.5.7Onlyᦵᦍᧂᧈᦀᦲᧆᦵᦍᧂᧈᦓᦾᧉᦵᦍᧂᧈᦃᦸᧉᦵᦍᧂᧈᦅᧄᦵᦍᧂᧈᦆᦱᧁᦵᦍᧂᧈᦍᦱᧄᦵᦍᧂᧈᦵᦑᦲᧈᦵᦍᧂᧈᦵᦙᦲᧈᦵᦍᧂᧈᦆᦱᧁᦵᦍᧂᧈᦵᦙᦲᧈᦵᦍᧂᧈᦍᦱᧄᦵᦍᧂᧈᦢᦹᧆᦵᦍᧂᧈᦍᦱᧄ
ᦵᦍᧉᦓᦱᧃᧉjee⁶naan⁶nameVietnam9.7.2.1Names of countriesChinese越南yue4nan2
ᦵᦍᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉjee⁴mɤn⁶nameYemen9.7.2.1Names of countries
ᦶᦍᧃᧉᦁᦱᧃᧈjæn⁶ʔaan⁵nameYan'an (Yenan) City in Shaanxi Province9.7.2.3Names of cities
ᦶᦍᧃᧉ3jæn⁶nameYuan dynasty, AD 1271-13689.7.1.3Clan names4.6.1RulerChineseyuan2
ᦶᦍᧇ1jæp⁵classifierclassifier for moments (countable only to one)ᦊᦴᧈ ᦺᦓ ᦍᦱᧄ ᦶᦍᧇ ᦓᦲᦰ, ᦀᦸᧄ ᦆᦹᧃ ᦵᦔᧃᧈ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦆᧄ. In a moment the jar changed into gold.8.4.2.1A short time9.2.6.1Classifiers
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