9. Grammar

ᦀᦸᧄʔɔm¹20001nounjar; jug; crockᦐᦽᧈ 3ᦀᦸᧄ ᦡᦲᧃ.A clay pot.ᦀᦸᧄ ᦔᦱ ᦢᦸᧂ.A jar of pickled fish.ᦀᦸᧄ ᧒ ᦐᦽᧈ.Two jars.5.2.1.4Food storage6.7.7Container2classifierclassifier for jarfulsᦆᧄ ᧒ ᦀᦸᧄ.Two jars of gold.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦀᦸᧄᦡᦳᧅᧈᦅᦳᧃᦎᦻ
ᦀᦸᧅᧈʔɔɔk²5001verb (intransitive)to go out; leaveᦑᦱᧃᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦺᦔ ᦂᦲᧃ ᦈᦱᧂᧉ ᦵᦗᦲᧃᧈ.He went out and worked for hire.ᦖᦱ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ, ᦀᦹᧇ ᦊᦱᧅ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦜᦻ ᦞᧃ.The dog wasn't able to get out, and it was hungry for many days.7.2.3.4.1Move out2verb (intransitive)to sprout; growᦂᦸ ᦓᦾᧉ ᦁᧃ ᦎᦳ ᦐᧄ ᦓᧃᧉ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦐᧂᧉ ᦂᦸ ᦐᧂᧉ ᦂᦸ.Robust little trees sprouted up one by one.1.5.6Growth of plants3verb (intransitive)to rise; to shine (sun, moon, stars)ᦎᦱ ᦞᧃ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦡᦱᧁ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦠᦻ ᦌᧄᧉ.When the sun comes up the stars disappear.ᦓᧂᧈ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦋᦱᧃ ᦏᦱᧉ ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ.He sat on the porch and wait for the moon to rise.1.1.1Sun4verb (intransitive)to become full (of the moon). [See the note at ᦵᦡᦲᧃ 'month' for a description of the calendar]ᦵᦡᦲᧃ1 2ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᦱᦞ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᧒ ᦆᧄᧈ.Month ten, second day of the waxing moon.1.1.1.1Moon5verb (transitive)to exit; go out ofᦶᦢᧅᧈ ᦀᧁ ᦂᦱᧂᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ ᦺᦔ.He took his crossbow and went out of the house.ᦠᦹᧉ ᦖᦸ ᦠᦴ ᦟᦱ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦆᦸᧅ ᦺᦔ.They let the fortune teller out of prison.7.2.3.4.1Move out6verb (transitive)to put forth; emit; sproutᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦩᧃ ᦺᦝ.Put out smoke.ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦎᦳᧄᧈ.Come out with a rash.7.2.3.4.1Move out7verb (transitive)to subtract᧕ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᧒ ᦺᦡᧉ ᧓.5 - 2 = 3.8.1.2.3Subtract numbers8prepositionout of; fromᦵᦑᧁ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦔᦱᧈ ᦺᦙᧉ ᦙᦱ, ᦺᦔ ᦣᦲᧄ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦠᦱ ᦉᦠᦻ.He walked out of the jungle and went to the river to find his friend.ᦵᦂᦲᧆᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦑᦸᧂᧉ ᦶᦙᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦜᧅ.When I was born from the womb I knew nothing.8.5.1.4.1Out, outside9post-verbout; with success in taking out or coming outᦋᧅ ᦺᦉᧉ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ.Pull intestines out.ᦵᦍᧁᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ.Unable to urinate.8.5.1.4.1Out, outside10post-verbable; with success in seeing, thinking, calculating or speakingᦅᦹᧆ ᦔᦲᧃᧈ ᦊᦱᧈ ᦎᦸᧇᧈ ᦷᦑ ᦉᦱ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦵᦋᦲᧉ ᧚.He thought out a method for getting revenge.ᦞᦱᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦩᦱᧄ ᦺᦓ ᦙᦱ.I cannot explain the meaning.ᦙᧃ ᦓᦾᧉ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦓᦾᧉ, ᦢᧁᧈ ᦑᦸᧂᦰ ᦡᦲ, ᦍᧂ ᦑᦸᧂᦰ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᧞.They were so little, if you didn't look well you couldn't see them.9.4.2.1Canᦀᦸᧅᧈᦺᦃᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦇᦸᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦉᦀᦸᧅᧈᦋᦹᧈᦗᦱᦵᦉᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦋᦹᧈᦙᦲᦵᦉᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦋᦹᧈᦟᦹᦵᦉᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦑᦱᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦔᦱᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦜᦸᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦞᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦞᧅᦺᦔᦂᦱᧃᦀᦸᧅᧈᦞᧆᦉᦱᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦟᦲᧆᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦠᦲᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦢᦱᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦣᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦢᦱᧈᦶᦣᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦢᧉᦵᦉᦇᦹᧃᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦣᧂᦂᦱᧃᧉᦀᦸᧅᧈᦃᦱᦀᦸᧅᧈᦃᧁᧉᦀᦸᧅᧈᦃᧁᧉᦆᧄᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦺᦐᦊᦱᧃᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦋᦲᧉᦀᦸᧅᧈᦢᦸᧅᧈᦔᧃᦶᦎᧅᧈᦇᦸᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦆᦱᧈᦶᦎᧅᧈᦇᦸᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦈᦱᧁᦶᦎᧅᧈᦇᦸᧅᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦚᧀᦒᦲᧉᦀᦸᧅᧈᦔᦸᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦕᦰᦀᦸᧅᧈᦢᦸᧅᧈᦉᦸᧃᦵᦕᧀᦡᦸᧅᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦷᦣᧂᦗᦸᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦙᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦞᦱᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦞᦱᧈᦢᧁᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦞᧃᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦟᦲᧆᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦟᦲᧆᦷᦎᧅᦊᦱᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦠᦴᦀᦸᧅᧈᦷᦐᧅᧈᦵᦠᦲᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦠᦲᧈᦷᦎᧅᦊᦱᧂᦀᦸᧅᧈᦶᦡᧆᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦖᦸᧅᧈᦞᦻᦵᦡᦲᧃᦀᦸᧅᧈᦢᧁᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦅᦱᧈᦵᦣᧆᦀᦸᧅᧈ
ᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦉʔɔɔk²see¹prepositionexcept forᦶᦉᧆ ᦑᧂ ᦜᦻ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦵᦉ ᦋᦱᧂᧉ ᧞ ᦉᦲᧂ.All the animals except the elephant and the lion.9.6.1.5.1Exceptᦀᦸᧅᧈᦵᦉ1
ᦀᦱᧆʔaat²20001pre-verbable; canᦷᦎ ᦺᦡ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦀᦱᧆ ᦈᧅ ᦶᦂᧉ ᦺᦡᧉ.Nobody was able to solve the riddle.9.4.2.1Can2adjectivebraveᦋᦱᧂᧉ ᦷᦎ ᦀᦱᧆ.A brave elephant.4.4.3.1Brave3adjectiveprominent; largeᦞᧆ ᦷᦜᧂ ᦎᧂᧉ ᦷᦠ ᦵᦞᧂ ᦜᧂ ᦀᦱᧆ.The big prominent monastery at the head of the city.8.2Bigᦷᦍᧆᦀᦱᧆ
ᦀᦲᧆʔit²500classifierclassifier for small amounts, for bits of things and of qualities (countable only to one)ᦀᧁ ᦙᦱ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦂᦴ ᦋᦲᧄ ᦀᦲᧆ ᧚ ᦡᦴ.Bring me a little bit to taste.ᦊᦱᧈ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦶᦟᧂᦰ ᦉᧅ ᦀᦲᧆ.Don't let in even a little bit of light.ᦢᧁᧈ ᦙᦲ ᦩᦱᧄ ᦀᦲᦰ ᦡᦴ ᦃᦳᧃ ᦓᦱ ᦎᦸᧈ ᦙᧃ ᦉᧅ ᦀᦲᧆ.They didn't have even a little bit of pity for him.ᦕᧆ ᦵᦋᦲᧂᧉ ᦀᦲᧆ ᧚.Drive a little bit more slowly.ᦗᦸᧅ ᦺᦔ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ ᦜᦱᧉ ᦀᦲᧆ ᧚.He got home a little bit late.ᦢᧁᧈ ᦐᦹᧂ ᦉᧅ ᦀᦲᧆ.It didn't move even a little bit.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦀᦲᧆᦐᦾᧈᦀᦲᧆᦓᦾᧉᦉᦸᧈᦓᦾᧉᦜᦳᧂᦀᦲᧆᦐᧂᧉᦀᦲᧆ
ᦀᦲᧆᦐᦾᧈʔit²nɔj²classifierclassifier for bits (can be separated)ᦙᧃ ᦶᦢᧂᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦀᦲᧆ ᦐᦾᧈ ᧚ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦘ ᦔᦱᧈ.He divided out a little bit to the jungle monk.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦀᦲᧆᦐᦾᧈᦉᧅᦀᦲᧆᦉᧅᦐᦾᧈᦵᦑᦲᧈᦀᦲᧆᦵᦑᦲᧈᦐᦾᧈ
ᦁᦱ1ʔaa⁴2000exclamationOh!ᦁᦱ, ᦑᦱᧂ ᦓᦾᧉ ᦋᦱᧆ ᦐᧄ ᧞!Oh, what a beautiful path!3.4.1.3Surprise9.2.7Interjectionsᦁᦱᦑᦻᧈᦵᦁᦲᦵᦁᦲᦁᦱᦁᦱ
ᦁᦱᧈᦵᦁᦲᦋᦲᧉᦜᦲᧈᦊᦱᧈʔaa⁵ʔɤɤ⁴cii⁶lii²jaa²nameAlgeria9.7.2.1Names of countries
ᦁᦱᦂᦱᧃʔakaan¹nounsituation; conditionᦁᦱ ᦂᦱᧃ ᦉᧂ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦶᦑᧉ ᧞.He doesn't know anything about this situation.9.1.3.2Situation
ᦁᦱ2ʔaa⁴ᦓᦱᧈ2000final particlea final particle used with wh- questions. [Note: The pronunciation assimilates to the final consonant of the preceding word.]ᦊᦴᧈ ᦑᦲᧈ ᦺᦐ ᦁᦱ.Where is it?ᦂᦴ ᦌᦹ ᦺᦢᧉ ᦶᦑᧉ ᦓᦱᧈ.Why am I so stupid?ᦂᦲᧃ ᦉᧂ ᦁᦱ.What are you eating?9.4.3.3Interrogative 9.2.3.4Question words
ᦁᦱᦑᦲᧆʔatit⁵20001nounsunᦐᦽᧈ 3ᦷᦤᧂ11.1.1Sun2nounweekᦁᦱᦑᦲᧆ 2ᦞᧃᦑᦲᧆᦞᧃᦶᦈᧃᦞᧃᦅᦱᧃᦞᧃᦗᦳᧆᦞᧃᦕᧆᦞᧃᦉᦳᧅᦞᧃᦉᧁᦵᦂᦲᧆᧈ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦞᧃ ᦁᦱ ᦑᦲᧆ ᦉᧂ, ᦅᦸᧉ ᦀᧁ ᦞᧃ ᦁᦱ ᦑᦲᧆ ᦓᧃᧉ ᦙᦱ ᦕᦳᧅᧈ ᦋᦹᧈ.Whatever day of the week they are born on, they get their name from that day. 8.4.1.3Week3classifierclassifier for weeksᦵᦟᧂᧉ ᦂᦸ ᦎᧁᧉ ᧚ ᦏᦹᧂ ᧒ ᦁᦱ ᦑᦲᧆ. Care for the melon plant for one or two weeks.ᦠᦹᧉ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦵᦔᧁᧈ ᧒ ᦁᦱ ᦑᦲᧆ, ᦷᦂ ᦘᦰ ᦍᦱᧆ ᦟᦱᧄ ᦈᧇ ᦕᦴᧉ ᦀᦹᧃᧈ.They should quarantine for two weeks, so the disease doesn't spread to others.9.2.6.1Classifiers
ᦁᦱᦑᦻᧈʔataaj⁵exclamationAh! Oh!ᦁᦱ ᦑᦻᧈ, ᦉᦲᧂ ᦷᦎ ᧚ ᦑᦹᧅ ᦅᦾᧈ ᦅᦾᧈ ᦈᦳᧃᧉ ᦃᧁᧉ ᦙᦱ ᦺᦂᧉ.Oh! A lion was slowly closing in on him.9.2.7Interjectionsᦁᦱ1
ᦁᦱᧈᦌᦱᧂᧈʔasaaŋ⁵nameAchang nationality9.7.1.5Names of languagesChinese阿昌a1chang1Achang
ᦁᦱᦟᦞᦲʔaa⁴lawii⁴nameAlawi, former name of Jinghong City9.7.2.3Names of cities
ᦁᦱᧈᦟᦱᧈᦵᦗᦲᧉʔaa⁵laa⁵pɤɤ⁶nameArabic9.7.1.5Names of languages
ᦁᦱᦷᦟᧈʔaa⁴loo⁵exclamationwow. Exclamation of astonishmentᦁᦱ ᦷᦟᧈ! ᦙᦱᧉ ᦷᦎ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦐᧄ ᦶᦑᧉ ᦵᦂᦲᧃᧈ ᦓᦸ.Wow! This horse is incredibly beautiful.3.4.1.3Surprise9.2.7Interjections
ᦶᦁᧆʔæt⁵classifierclassifier for moments (countable only to one)ᦅᧄ ᦶᦁᧆ ᧚, ᦃᧁ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦷᦋ ᦂᧃ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦙᦱ.In a moment they all came out of the water.8.4.2.1A short time9.2.6.1Classifiers
ᦵᦁᦲᦵᦁᦲᦁᦱᦁᦱʔɤɤ⁴ʔɤɤ⁴ʔaa⁴ʔaa⁴exclamationexclamation of agreement or approval9.4.6Yesᦵᦁᦲᦁᦱ1
ᦁᦹʔɯɯ⁴exclamationyes; exclamation of agreement9.4.6Yes9.2.7Interjections3.3.2.1Agree to do something
ᦷᦁʔoo⁴1verb (transitive)to callᦷᦁ ᦖᦱ.Call a dog.3.5.1.4.1Call2exclamationoh! exclamation of surprise, dismayᦷᦁ, ᦗᦸ ᦡᦻ ᦆᦻᧉ ᦵᦠᦲᧃᧉ.Oh, we already moved it.ᦷᦁ, ᦆᦲᧂ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦵᦣᧃ ᦷᦆᧈ ᦌᦸᧉ, ᦗᦸ ᦑᦲᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦤᦸᦰ.Oh, you haven't studied science, so of course you don't know.3.4.1.3Surprise9.2.7Interjectionsᦖᦱᧅᦷᦁ
ᦵᦁᦲᧉᦷᦅᧉʔɤɤ⁶koo⁶nameRussia9.7.2.1Names of countriesChinese俄国e2guo2
ᦵᦁᦲʔɤɤ⁴20001exclamationyes; OK. [Note: Exclamation of agreement or approval.]ᦵᦍᦲᧄ ᦺᦈ ᧟ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦵᦁᦲ.She was happy and said, 'Yes'.3.2.5.9Approve of something9.2.7Interjections3.3.2.1Agree to do something2verb (intransitive)to agree; consentᦃᦾᧉ ᦏᦱᧄ ᦣᦱᧂᧉ ᦙᧃ ᦆᦹᧃ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦁᦲ.I asked to divorce her but she didn't agree.ᦋᦴᧈ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦁᦲ ᦅᧄ ᦵᦡᧁ.As soon as they said it he agreed.ᦢᦸᧅᧈ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦁᦲ ᦓᦲᦰ, ᦉᦴ ᦺᦆᧈ ᦟᧇ ᦜᧂ ᦂᦴ ᦵᦂᦲᧃᧈ ᦓᦱᧈ?If you had told me I wouldn't have agreed. Are you doing things behind my back?3.3.2.1Agree to do somethingᦵᦁᦲᦵᦁᦲᦁᦱᦁᦱᦵᦁᦲᦅᧄᦊᦲᧃᧈᦵᦁᦲ
ᦵᦁᦲᧁᧈᦵᦋᦲᧁᧈʔɤw⁵cɤw⁵nameEurope9.7.2.6Names of continentsChinese欧洲ou1zhou1
ᦵᦁᦲᧂᧉᦵᦅᦲᧂᧉʔɤŋ⁶kɤŋ⁶exclamationworking chant used to coordinate teamworkᦷᦠᧈ ᦣᦸᧂᧉ ᦞᦱᧈ: ᦵᦁᦲᧂᧉ ᦵᦅᦲᧂᧉ ᦟᦱᧅ.They chanted, 'Ready, steady, pull!'4.3.4.3Cooperate with9.2.7Interjections
ᦁᦽᧉʔoj⁶ᦁᦽexclamationhey! Exclamation of distress or protestᦁᦽᧉ, ᦷᦠ ᦣᧁ ᦷᦠ ᦣᧁ.Hey, that's my head.9.2.7Interjections9.6.3.3Prompters of attention
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