9. Grammar
ᦵᦃᦲxɤɤ¹2000classifierclassifier for people. [Note: Used only with the number two.]ᦃᧁ ᧒ ᦵᦃᦲ ᦗᦱ ᦂᧃ ᦶᦀᧁᧈ.The two of them went for a walk.ᦣᧁ ᧒ ᦵᦃᦲ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦉᦠᦻ ᦂᧃ ᦡᦲ ᦅᦱ?Why shouldn't we two be friends?2Person9.2.6.1Classifiersproto-Tai/kʰɤ/we (first person dual pronoun)
ᦵᦃᧀxɤj¹20001nounson-in-law; brother-in-law. [Note: Used for any male in-law younger than one's father.]ᦵᦃᧀ 2ᦅᦳᧃ1 3ᦓᦱᧉ ᦵᦃᧀ.Uncle-in-law (husband of father's younger sister).ᦀᧁ ᦵᦙ ᦺᦑ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦵᦃᧀ ᦺᦑ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᧑᧒ ᦗᧃ ᦓᦱ.He took a Dai wife and was a Dai in-law and lived in Sipsongpanna.ᦺᦔ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦵᦃᧀ ᦺᦡᧉ ᧖ ᦔᦲ.He has been married (been an in-law) for six years.4.1.9.2.2In-law2classifierclassifier for in-laws9.2.6.1Classifiersᦵᦃᧀᦺᦖᧈᦵᦃᧀᦵᦙᦲᧂᦓᦸᧂᧉᦵᦃᧀᦗᦲᧈᦵᦃᧀᦟᦳᧂᦵᦃᧀᦟᦴᧅᦵᦃᧀ
ᦵᦃᦲᧆxɤt²20001pre-verbby chance; unintentionallyᦗᦸᧈ ᦗᦸᧅ ᦙᦱ ᦵᦃᦲᧆ ᦠᧃ ᦟᦻ ᦕᦹᧃ ᦓᦲᦰ.Her father came back and happened to see the letter.4.2.1.2Encounter9.1.2.1Happen4.4.5Chance2verb (transitive)to catch up with; keep pace withᦍᦱᧂᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦃᦲᧆ.Unable to keep up when walking.ᦶᦙᧈ ᦵᦃᦲᧆ ᦺᦉᧈ ᦀᦳᧄᧉ ᦀᧁ ᦟᦴᧅ ᦗᦸᧅ.The mother caught up with her child and brought him back.7.2.3.5Move past, over, through3verb (transitive)to catch in the actᦶᦙᧁ ᦎᦹᧃᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦵᦃᦲᧆ ᦺᦉᧈ ᦐᦴ ᦃᦲᧆᧈ ᦐᦱᧉ ᦷᦎ ᦆᦲᧂ.The cat woke up and caught the mouse writing on its face.4.6.6.1.1Arrestᦵᦃᦲᧆᦠᧃᦕᧃᦺᦡᧉᦆᧄᦵᦃᦲᧆ
ᦃᦾᧉxɔj³500pronounI; me. [Note: ᦃᦾᧉ is deferential. Used when addressing elders or teachers.]ᦈᧁᧉ ᦞᦸᧂᧉ ᦵᦣᧀ, ᦃᦾᧉ ᦙᦱ ᦀᦳᧇᧈ ᦅᧄ ᦵᦙᦲᧈ ᦂᦸᧃᧈ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦈᧁᧉ ᦝᧂ!O emperor, I have come to tell you a story.ᦀᦻᧉ ᦀᦳᧃᧈ ᦞᦱᧈ: “ᦃᦾᧉ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦋᦻ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦡᧂᧈ ᦣᦹ ᦓᧂᧈ ᦶᦀᧇ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦍᦲᧂ ᦣᦱ!”Unn said (to the teacher), 'I am a boy, how can I sit beside a girl?'9.2.3Pronounsᦃᦾᧉᦃᦾᧉᦃᦾᧉᦶᦡᧈᦃᦾᧉᦢᦱᧆᦎᦴᦃᦾᧉᦷᦎᦃᦾᧉᦗᦸᧈᦃᦾᧉ
ᦃᦱᧂᧉxaaŋ³20001nounsideᦀᧁ ᦡᦳᧃᧉ ᦝᦹᧃ ᦌᦳᧅ ᦃᦱᧂᧉ ᦶᦙᧈ.He took a stick of firewood and poked his mother in the side.ᦛᦻᧉ ᦞᧃ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦘᦱᧅ ᦃᦱᧂᧉ ᦷᦕ.All day long she didn't leave her husband's side.᧒ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦙᦲ ᦟᦴᧅ ᦢᦳᧆ ᦎᦱ ᦵᦂᦲᧆᧈ ᦵᦑᧄ ᦶᦣᧇ ᦃᦱᧂᧉ.Neither household had children at their side.8.6.3Side2classifierclassifier for sides᧒ ᦃᦱᧂᧉ ᦵᦣᦲ ᦝᦸᧂ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦃᦱᧁ ᦢᦳ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ.On both sides of the boat white waves pushed out.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦃᦲᧉᦃᦱᧂᧉᦃᦱᧂᧉᦶᦀᧁᦗᦱᧂᧈᦃᦱᧂᧉᦡᦳᧅᧈᦃᦱᧂᧉ
ᦃᦸᧂ2xɔŋ¹2000nameMekong Riverᦺᦔ ᦑᦸᧆ ᦔᦱ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦃᦸᧂ.He went fishing in the Mekong.ᦺᦔ ᦌᧅ ᦷᦆ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦃᦸᧂ.She washes her laundry in the Mekong.ᦃᦸᧂ ᦆᧄ ᦓᧄᧉ ᦶᦙᧈ ᦦᦱᧂᧉ ᦉ ᦜ ᦀᦱᧆ ᦐᧄ ᦇᦱᧄ.The golden Mekong is a wide and glorious river.ᦃᦱᧄᧉ ᦃᦸᧂ ᦵᦙᦲ ᦺᦗ ᦠᦳᧃ ᦵᦐᦲ.They crossed the Mekong River going north.9.7.2.9Names of riversᦓᧄᧉ1
ᦃᦸᧂ1xɔŋ¹500nounthing; possessionᦵᦋᦲᧉ 3ᦵᦐᦲ ᦂᦸ ᦺᦙᧉ ᦙᦲ ᦃᦸᧂ ᦷᦎᧅ ᦙᦱ ᦩᦱᧉ ᦩᦱᧉ.Something fell from a tree with a 'xwa-xwa' sound.ᦎᦴ ᦃᦾᧉ ᦟᧅ ᦀᧁ ᦃᦸᧂ ᦑᦱᧃᧈ ᦗᦱ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦷᦑᧅ ᦶᦉᧃ ᦓᦲᦰ.We stole his things and it has brought us this suffering.9.1.3Thingᦃᧁᧉᦃᦸᧂᦃᦸᧂᦂᦲᧃᦃᦸᧂᦃᦻᦃᦸᧂᦃᧂᧉᦃᦸᧂᦢᧂᦃᦸᧂᦅᦱᧉᦃᦸᧂᦷᦆᦃᦸᧂᦈᦹᧈᦈᧄᦃᦸᧂᦉᦱᧂᧉᦃᦸᧂᦉᦹᧇᧈᦃᦸᧂᦶᦑᧃᦃᦸᧂᦺᦋᧉᦃᦸᧂᦎᦸᧃᧉᦃᦸᧂᦑᦱᧃᦃᦸᧂᦔᦱᧈᦃᦸᧂᦵᦏᦲᧃᧈᦃᦸᧂᦗᦴᦃᦸᧂᦗᦲᧆᦗᦴᦃᦸᧂᦘᦱᧂᦃᦸᧂᦚᦱᧅᦃᦸᧂᦛᦱᧃᦃᦸᧂᦶᦜᧁᦃᦸᧂᦷᦜᧈᦃᦸᧂᦵᦟᧂᧉᦃᦸᧂᦷᦟᦰᦃᦸᧂᦟᦸᧂᦃᦸᧂᦟᦸᧅᦃᦸᧂᦡᦲᦵᦚᧆᧈᦚᦳᧃᦃᦸᧂᦡᦾᧉᦃᦸᧂᦡᦾᧉᦃᦸᧂᦂᦲᧃᦃᦸᧂᦡᦲᧃᧉᦃᦸᧂᦢᧁᧈᦃᧁᧉᦂᦱᧃᧉᦃᦸᧂᦷᦣᧆᦠᦸᧄᦈᧁᧉᦃᦸᧂᦶᦉᧆᦃᦸᧂᦉᦲᧂᧈᦃᦸᧂᦷᦠᦑᦸᧂᦰᦃᦸᧂᦶᦈᧃᧉᦢᧁᧈᦺᦋᧈᦃᦸᧂᦷᦡᧃᧈ
ᦃᦳᧄ1xum¹20001nounpit; hole in the ground; potholeᦑᦲᧈ 3ᦃᦳᧆ ᦃᦳᧄ.Dig a pit.ᦂᦳᧃᧉ ᦃᦳᧄ.The bottom of a pit.1.2.1.5Underground2classifierclassifier for pitsᦃᦳᧆ ᦃᦳᧄ ᦷᦜᧂ ᧑᧐ ᦃᦳᧄ.He dug ten big pits.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦃᦳᧄᦃᦲᧉᦃᦳᧄᦃᦳᧃᦃᦳᧄᦎᦱᦃᦳᧄᦏᦱᧂᦃᦳᧄᦏᦱᧃᧈᦃᦳᧄᦵᦙᧀᧉᦏᦱᧃᧈᦃᦳᧄᦞᦲᧆᦜᧅᦃᦳᧄᦷᦢᧅᧈᦜᦳᧄᦃᦳᧄᦓᧄᧉ
ᦃᦱᧆxaat²20001adjectivetorn through; broken off; snappedᦵᦉᦲᧉ ᦃᦱᧆ.Torn clothing.7.8Divide into pieces2verb (transitive)to lackᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦶᦣᧂ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦃᦱᧆ ᦉᧅ ᦞᧃ.He worked hard without missing a single day.8.1.7.2Lack3post-verbcompletely; finishedᦂᦱᧃ ᦟᦱᧂ ᦘᦸᧂᧈ ᦗᦸ ᦡᦻ ᦉᦲᧂ ᦷᦈ ᦂᧃ ᦃᦱᧆ ᧟.Some of the issues they had already discussed completely.9.3.2Completelyᦃᦱᧆᦂᦱᧆᦃᦱᧆᦙᦹᦃᦱᧆᦵᦞᦟᦱᦺᦈᦃᦱᧆᦈᦲᧆᦃᦱᧆᦔᦳᧆᦃᦱᧆᦟᦴᧉᦟᦱᧆᦃᦱᧆᦗᧂᦢᧁᧈᦃᦱᧆᦢᧁᧈᦣᦴᧉᦃᦱᧆᦣᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆ
ᦃᦲᧇᧈxiip²20001nounpiece (especially broken pieces)ᦀᧁ ᦃᦲᧇᧈ ᦖᦸᧉ ᦧᦱᧆ ᦷᦓᧅ.He took a piece of the pot and threw it at the bird.8.1.6.2Piece2classifierclassifier for pieces; for sections (as of orange, garlic)ᦶᦞᧃᧈ ᦶᦎᧅᧈ ᦔᦲᧃ ᧒ ᦃᦲᧇᧈ.The mirror broke in two pieces.ᦕᦱᧈ ᦕᦲᧃᧈ ᦷᦅ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦃᦲᧇᧈ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦃᦲᧇᧈ.Cut the apple in pieces.ᦃᦲᧇᧈ ᦖᦱᧅ ᦈᦳᧅ.A section of orange.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦃᦲᧇᧈᦎᦸᧈ
ᦃᦸᧇᧈxɔɔp²1nounedge; border; frameᦃᦸᧇᧈ ᦷᦣᧇ.Picture frame.ᦃᦸᧇᧈ ᦶᦞᧃᧈ ᦎᦱ.Glasses frames.ᦃᦸᧇᧈ ᦺᦢ ᦵᦠᧁᧈ ᦶᦠᧂᧉ ᦵᦖᦲᧃ ᦺᦝ ᦺᦖᧉ.The edges of the leaves were withered as if they were burned.ᦵᦑᦲᧄᧉ ᦝᦱᧉ ᦵᦜᦲᧃᧉ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦑᦳᧂᧈ ᦓᦱ ᦁᧃ ᦑᦸᧂᦰ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦠᧃ ᦃᦸᧇᧈ ᦓᧃᧉ.Under the blue sky are fields which you can't see the end of.6.5.4.2Boundary8.6.6Edge2classifierclassifier for edges᧔ ᦃᦸᧇᧈ ᦂᦱᧂ ᦷᦃᧂᧈ ᦙᦲ ᦶᦉᧂ ᦺᦝ.On all four sides of the courtyard there were lights.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦃᦸᧇᧈᦎᦱᦃᦸᧇᧈᦑᦱᧂᧉᦶᦑᦆᧄᦃᦸᧇᧈᦝᦱᧉᦃᦸᧇᧈᦶᦡᧃᦃᦸᧇᧈᦣᦲᧄᦷᦉᧇᦃᦸᧇᧈᦣᦲᧄᦃᦸᧇᧈ
ᦄᧁᧉŋaw³1nounstalk; stumpᦄᧁᧉ ᦡᦸᧅᧈ ᦺᦙᧉ.Flower stalk.1.5.5Parts of a plant2nounancestor4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother3classifierclassifier for stalks, stumpsᦔᦲ ᦺᦐ ᦔᦳᧅᧈ ᧖᧐ ᦖᦹᧃᧈ ᦄᧁᧉ.Every year they plant six million shoots.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦅᧁᧉᦄᧁᧉᦐᦸᧈᦄᧁᧉ
