ᦅᦱ1kaa⁴500final particleparticle used with yes/no questions that anticipate a positive answerᦣᧁ ᧒ ᦵᦃᦲ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦉ ᦠᦻ ᦂᧃ ᦡᦲ ᦅᦱ?Why shouldn't we two be friends?ᦂᦴ ᦙᦱ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦕᦴᧉ ᦉ ᦃᦲᦰ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦅᦱ?I can be a witness can't I?ᦂᦲᧃ ᦃᧁᧉ ᦶᦟᧂ ᧟ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦌᦽᧈ ᦙᦹ ᧞ ᦅᦱ?After you ate dinner you didn't wash your hands did you?ᦀᧁ ᦔᦱ ᦚᧂ ᦺᦞᧉ ᦣᦲᧄ ᦂᦸ ᦺᦙᧉ ᦐᦲᧉ ᦡᦲ ᦅᦱ?Why don't we bury the fish by this tree?ᦟᦴᧅ ᦣᧅ ᦵᦂᦲᧆᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦂᧇ ᦟᦴᧅ ᦑᦱᧃᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦡᦲ ᦅᦱ?If we can't have a child, wouldn't it be good to adopt somebody else's child?9.4.3.3Interrogative 9.4.6.2Markers expecting an affirmative answerᦢᧁᧈᦅᦱ
9. Grammar
ᦅᦱᧈ1kaa⁵5001pre-verbonly; merelyᦘ ᦍᦱ ᦈᧁᧉ ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦀᦱᧉ ᦷᦉᧇ ᦺᦞᧉ.The king could only gape. ᦃᧁ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦗᦱ ᦂᧃ ᦗᦸᧅ ᦙᦱ ᦀᧁ ᦺᦝ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ.All they could do was go back and fetch some fire from home.8.1.5.7Only2prepositiononly; nothing but; justᦵᦣᧆ ᦉᧂ? ᦌᦹᧉ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦗᦸᧇ.What did you do? All I did was buy a book. OR All I bought was a book. ᦵᦂᦲᧆ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦓᦸᧂᧉ ᦍᦲᧂ ᦜᦱᧉ ᦍᧂ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦀᧁ ᦷᦕ ᦵᦑᦲᧈ.There remained only the youngest who wasn't married yet.9.4.4.7Just, almost not8.1.5.7Onlyᦷᦂᦅᦱᧈᦋᦴᧈᦅᦱᧈᦷᦋᧈᦅᦱᧈᦎᦱᧄᦅᦱᧈᦑᦹᧂᦅᦱᧈᦓᧅᦅᦱᧈᦔᦻᦅᦱᧈᦗᦸᦅᦱᧈᦙᦸᧅᦅᦱᧈᦜᦻᦅᦱᧈᦡᦸᧄᦅᦱᧈᦢᧁᧈᦅᦱᧈ
ᦅᦸᧉ2kɔɔ⁶500classifierclassifier for people. [Note: Used for children, women, people in unfortunate circumstances.]ᦃᧁ ᦷᦕ ᦵᦙ ᦙᦲ ᦟᦴᧅ ᦍᦲᧂ ᦅᦸᧉ ᧚.The husband and wife had a daughter.ᦃᧁ ᧒ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦖᦲᧃ ᦡᧂᧈ ᦗᦲᧈ ᦓᦸᧂᧉ ᦂᧃ.The two of them were like sisters.ᦅᦳᧃ ᦃᦸ ᦃᧁᧉ ᦅᦸᧉ ᧚.A beggar.2Person9.2.6.1Classifiersᦀᦲᦰᦅᦸᧉᦅᦴᧈᦅᦸᧉᦅᦸᧉᦅᦴᧈᦅᦸᧉᦉᦠᦻᦅᦸᧉᦵᦉᧁᧈᦅᦸᧉᦑᦱᧂᦅᦸᧉᦵᦣᧃᦅᦸᧉᦣᧅᦇᧁᦅᦸᧉᦗᦸᧈᦅᦸᧉᦶᦙᧈᦅᦸᧉ
ᦅᦴᧈ1kuu⁵20001nounpair; coupleᦅᦴᧈ ᦷᦕ ᦵᦙ.A married couple.8.1.1.1.2Two2verb (transitive)to form a pair withᦂᦸ ᦺᦙᧉ ᦅᦴᧈ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦅᦴᧈ ᦷᦓᧅ?Can you pair up the trees with the birds? (from a children's reader)8.1.3.3Group of things3adjectiveeven (not odd)ᦟᦲᧅ ᦅᦴᧈ.An even number.8.1.1Number4numeraleveryᦷᦉᧃ ᦂᦽᧉ ᦙᦲ ᦅᦴᧈ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ.Every household has a banana garden.8.4.6.6.5Every time5classifierclassifier for pairsᦏᦴᧈ ᦅᦴᧈ ᧚.A pair of chopsticks.ᦎᦱᧂᧉ ᦠᦴ ᦅᦴᧈ ᧚.A pair of earrings.ᦷᦕ ᦵᦙ ᦅᦳᧃ ᦐᦳᧄᧈ ᧕ ᦅᦴᧈ.Five young couples.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦅᦴᧈᦅᦸᧉᦅᦴᧈᦷᦕᦵᦙᦅᦸᧉᦅᦴᧈ
ᦅᦱᦟᦱkaa⁴laa⁴nounwestern; Europeans and Americansᦅᦳᧃ1 3ᦷᦎ ᦅᦱ ᦟᦱ.The Roman alphabet.ᦋᦱᧁ ᦅᦱ ᦟᦱ ᦙᦱ ᦣᦸᧆ ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ ᦠᦱᧅ ᦙᦱ ᦵᦊᧄᧉ ᦑᦸᧂᦰ ᦷᦙᧂᧈ ᦗᧃ ᦔᦲ.When Westerners come to Meng Ham they come to look at the rhododendrons.4.1.2Types of people9.7.1.5Names of languagesᦷᦎᦅᦱᦟᦱᦷᦠᦙᧃᦅᦱᦟᦱBurmesekɤlaperson from India
ᦷᦅᧆkot⁵20001verb (intransitive)to bend; curveᦉᦻ ᦺᦝ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦷᦅᧆ.A light beam cannot bend.ᦃᧁ ᦩᦻ ᦷᦅᧆ ᦵᦗᦲᧃᧈ ᦎᦳᧄᧉ ᧟ ᦍᧂ ᦋᦱᧆ ᦶᦡᧆ ᦌᦹᧈ ᦙᦱ.A bent buffalo horn they can boil and straighten.8.3.1.5Bend2classifierclassifier for bendsᦶᦂᧁᧉ ᧙ ᦷᦅᧆ.A tube with nine bends in it.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦷᦅᧆᦷᦇᧂᧉᦷᦅᧆᦇᦱᧂᧉᦷᦅᧆᦓᧂᧈᦺᦈᦷᦅᧆ
ᦅᦸᧉ1kɔ5001conjunctionthen; so. [Note: This is a general linking word used with temporal and logical connections.]ᦺᦂᧈ ᦞᦱᧈ ᧟ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦵᦃᧈ ᦵᦊᦲᧈ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦵᦖᦲᧃ ᦂᧁᧈ.After the chicken said that, it went back to scratching for food like before.ᦟᦴᧅ ᦀᦸᧃᧈ ᦑᧂ ᦜᦻ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦠᧃ ᦡᦽᧉ ᦑᦱᧃᧈ ᦙᦲ ᦕ ᦊᦱ ᦔᧃ ᦍᦱ, ᦅᦸᧉ ᦠᦳᧄ ᦡᦲᧃᧉ ᦶᦀᧇ ᦶᦑᧉ ᧞.The children saw that he was wise, so they really liked to play in his company.8.4.5.1Order, sequence9.6.2.6Result2conjunctionvery; really. [Note: Connects repeated verbs or attributes. Used for emphasis.]ᦓᧄᧉ ᦐᦲᧉ ᦺᦉ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦺᦉ, ᦊᦲᧃ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦊᦲᧃ.The water here is very clear and very cold.ᦓᧄᧉ ᦛᦱᧃ ᦏᦳᧅᧈ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦏᦳᧅᧈ, ᦟᧄ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦟᧄ, ᦷᦋ ᦂᧃ ᦙᦱ ᦌᦹᧉ ᦵᦓᦲ.Our drinks are really cheap and really tasty, come and buy!9.3Veryᦅᦸᧉᦎᦱᧄᦅᦸᧉᦡᦲᦊᦱᧂᧈᦺᦡᦅᦸᧉᦡᦲ᧟ᦅᦸᧉᦢᧁᧈᦅᦸᧉ
ᦅᦹkɯɯ⁴2000verb (intransitive)namely; that isᦓᦸᧂᧉ ᦟᦴᧅ (ᦅᦹ ᦷᦣᧂ ᦷᦗᦰ ᦟᦴᧅ).The afterbirth (that is the placenta).ᦙᧃ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦗᦸᧈ ᦀᦲᦰ ᦆᧄ (ᦅᦹ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦖᦸ ᦊᦱ).He was the father of E Xam (who was a doctor).ᦢᦱᧃᧉ ᦶᦍᧂ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦙᦲ ᦡᦳᧂ ᧒ ᦡᦳᧂ, ᦅᦹ ᦡᦳᧂ ᦺᦎᧉ ᦡᦳᧂ ᦵᦐᦲ,Yang Village has two jungles, namely the lower jungle and the upper jungle.9.6.1.8Equivalence9.6.3.5Markers of identificational and explanatory clauses
ᦅᦾᧉkɔj⁶verb (intransitive)to diminish; fade away; reach extreme old ageᦞ ᦏᦳ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦅᦾᧉ ᦺᦔ.The profits are diminishing.ᦶᦣᧂ ᦙᧃ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦅᦾᧉ ᦺᦔ.His strength was failing.ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᦜᦱᧉ ᦗᦻ ᦅᦾᧉ.The waning days of the lunar month.ᦊᦴᧈ ᦉᦳᧅ ᦟᧄ ᦢᦱᧃ ᦺᦈ ᦵᦙᦲᧈ ᦍᦱᧄ ᦅᦾᧉ.She lives in peace in her fading years.8.1.4.3Decrease9.3.1.4To a smaller degree8.4.6.5.2Old, not youngᦎᦱᧃᧉᦅᦾᧉᦓᦾᧉᦺᦈᦎᧄᧈᦅᦾᧉᦓᦾᧉᦺᦈᦎᧄᧈᦅᦾᧉᦖᦸᧂᦺᦈᦗᦻᦅᦾᧉ
ᦅᦾᧈkɔj⁵5001pre-verbgently; carefully; minimallyᦀᧁ ᦺᦃᧈ ᦅᦾᧈ ᦑᦸᧅ ᦑᦸᧅ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦙᧃ ᦶᦎᧅᧈ.Gently tap the egg to make it crack.ᦅᦾᧈ ᦀᧁ ᦶᦙᧈ ᦶᦌᧄ ᦶᦎᧆ ᦉᦻ ᦢᦹ.Carefully take scissors and cut the umbilical cord.6.1.2.3.1Careful4.4.4.3Gentle2pre-verbin due time; at one's leisureᦂᦴ ᦅᦾᧈ ᦔᦾᧈ ᦙᦹᧂ ᦺᦔ.In due time I will release you.ᦎᦴ ᦃᦾᧉ ᦅᦾᧈ ᦵᦙᦲ ᦟᦱᧅ.We will move it for you presently.8.4.8.2Slow3pre-verbsoftened imperativeᦅᦾᧈ ᦀᧁ ᦅᦱᧈ ᦠᦹᧉ.Please bring me the money.9.4.3.1Imperative 4adjectivequiet; silentᦵᦉᧂ ᦔᦱᧅ ᦋᦱᧆ ᦅᦾᧈ.Her voice was very quiet.2.3.2.2Soundᦅᦾᧈᦅᦾᧈᦅᦾᧈᦊᦴᧈᦅᦾᧈᦺᦔᦅᦾᧈᦠᧃ
ᦵᦅᧀkɤj⁴2000pre-verbto have done beforeᦆᦱᧁᧈ ᦁᧃ ᦵᦅᧀ ᦝᧂ ᦓᧃᧉ.Stories which people have heard before.ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦅᧀ ᦣᦴᧉ.I never knew that.9.4.1.2Aspect--dynamic verbsᦠᦳᧄᦵᦅᧀᦡᦲᦣᧅᦡᦲᦵᦅᧀᦡᦲᦶᦦᧃᧈᦡᦲᦵᦅᧀᦶᦦᧃᧈᦵᦅᧀ
ᦅᧁᧉkaw⁶5001nountrunk (as of a tree or the body); base; torso; stem; rootᦂᦸ 3ᦅᧁᧉ 5ᦟᧄ1 2ᦅᧁᧉ ᦂᦸ ᦺᦙᧉ.Trunk of a tree, stump of a tree.ᦅᧁᧉ ᦣᦱᧅ ᦕᦳᧄ.Hair roots.ᦅᧁᧉ ᦟᦲᧃᧉ.Root of the tongue.2.1.2Torso1.5.5Parts of a plant2nounchief; headᦅᦳᧃ1 3ᦅᧁᧉ ᦃᦱᧉ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ.The head slave.ᦵᦉ ᦓᦱ ᦁᦱ ᦙᦱᧆ ᦑᧂ ᦜᦻ ᦁᧃ ᦙᦲ ᦵᦉ ᦓᦱ ᦷᦓᧅ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦅᧁᧉ.The whole royal court, of which Courtier Nok was chief.4.6.1Ruler3nounbeginningᦅᧁᧉ 5ᦟᧁᧈ ᦆᦱᧁᧈ ᦶᦎᧈ ᦅᧁᧉ ᦏᦹᧂ ᦔᦻ.He told the story from beginning to end.8.4.6.1.1Beginning4adjectivefirst; chief; oldest; principalᦁᦱ ᦠᦱᧃ ᦅᧁᧉ.Staple food.ᦟᦴᧅ ᦍᦲᧂ ᦅᧁᧉ.Oldest daughter.ᦑᦱᧃᧈ ᦵᦛᧀᧈ ᦅᧁᧉ.The work unit that is in charge.8.4.6.5.2Old, not young8.4.5.1.2First5classifierclassifier for plants, trees, grassesᦅᧁᧉ ᦺᦐ ᦀᧁ ᦺᦞᧉ ᦐᦽᧈ ᦵᦡᧁ.Leave only one melon on each plant.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦷᦂᧅᦅᧁᧉᦂᦸᧈᦅᧁᧉᦵᦃᧁᧉᦅᧁᧉᦅᧁᧉᦂᦱᧅᦅᧁᧉᦃᦶᦟᧉᦅᧁᧉᦵᦃᧁᧉᦅᧁᧉᦵᦄᦲᧅᦅᧁᧉᦄᧁᧉᦅᧁᧉᦅᧃᦅᧁᧉᦔᦏᦱᧃᦒᦱᦠᦱᧃᦅᧁᧉᦔᦻᦅᧁᧉᦗᦹᧃᦅᧁᧉᦺᦙᧉᦅᧁᧉᦞᧆᦅᧁᧉᦵᦠᧆᧈᦅᧁᧉᦠᦽᧉᦅᧁᧉᦣᦱᧅᦷᦠᦉᦱᧃᦆᦴᦅᧁᧉᦵᦉᦓᦱᦅᧁᧉᦉᦳᧃᧉᦅᧁᧉᦷᦎᦅᧁᧉᦎᧂᧉᦅᧁᧉᦐᧂᦉᦹᦅᧁᧉᦅᦸᧂᦵᦑᦲᧅᦅᧁᧉᦑᦱᧂᦅᧁᧉᦷᦓᧅᦅᧁᧉᦔᦏᦷᦙᧃᧉᦅᧁᧉᦷᦠᦒᦲᦗᦲᧈᦅᧁᧉᦗᦸᧈᦅᧁᧉᦶᦙᧈᦵᦡᦲᧄᦗᦹᧃᦅᧁᧉᦵᦞᧂᦅᧁᧉᦟᦴᧅᦅᧁᧉ
ᦅᧁᧉᦄᧁᧉkaw⁶ŋaw³1nounfounder; patriarch4.1.9.1.1Grandfather, grandmother2nounsource; origin; cause9.6.2.5Cause9.5.1.6.1Source (of movement)ᦅᧁᧉᦄᧁᧉ
ᦅᧁᧉᦵᦠᧆᧈkaw⁶heet²nounsource; originᦃᧇ ᦠᦱ ᦅᧁᧉ ᦵᦠᧆᧈ ᦓᦲᧉ ᦍᦻ ᦚᦳᧂ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦙᦲ ᦶᦎᧈ ᦺᦐ ᦙᦱ ᦓᧃᧉ.I searched for the sources of these stories, to know where they came from.9.5.1.6.1Source (of movement)9.5.1.6.4Origin (of a person)ᦅᧁᧉᦵᦠᧆᧈ
