lung₂/luŋ³¹/prt助词recent past perfective (non-visual evidential)完成体(刚刚完成,兼表非亲见)| vng looq luung.He went back (so he's not here).他回去了(不在了). | Nvng mi vngza ton lung teuq e.Nang should have finished cooking the food (by now).阿娜该把饭做好了. | na toi manvdi lung?Did you just go or not?你刚才去了没有?| Speaker did not directly witness, but learned the result.动作过程说话人没目睹,只发现结果.